Textbook for general and veterinary prescription

  MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION


DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY AND EDUCATION

FSBEI HE SAINT-PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE







                TEXTBOOK FOR GENERAL AND VETERINARY PRESCRIPTION




TUTORIAL











Saint Petersburg
2020

      УДК: 619:615.13(075.8)

      Andreeva N.L., Lunegov A.M., Popova O.S., Baryshev V.A. Textbook for general and veterinary prescription. - SPb., publishing FSBEI HE SPbGUVM, 2020- 54 p.




      The manual corresponds to the program in pharmacology in the direction of "Veterinary" and is intended for students of veterinary universities and faculties.
      Contains information about the rules of storage, preparation, dispensing of medicines and prescription. The characteristic of solid, liquid and soft dosage forms is given, control exercises and tasks for independent work are also given.
      This manual will help students learn the names of dosage forms, formative substances and parts of plants in Latin; master the technique of preparing the basic dosage forms and learn how to write prescriptions correctly, but for this it is necessary to carry out independently the tasks presented at the end of each topic.





Reviewer:  PhD in Philology, docent, department of foreign languages
            Dementieva L.G.






Approved and recommended for printing by the Methodological Council FSBEI HE SPbGUVM
(Minutes №5 dated September 29.09.2020).











© FSBEI HE SPbGUVM, 2020
© Team of authors, 2020

TOPIC 1
GENERAL RECIPE

      General prescription is a section of pharmacology about the rules for prescribing, manufacturing and dispensing dosage forms. Dosage forms are made from medicinal substances. The latter are obtained from medicinal raw materials and synthetic materials.
      Parts of plants, animal organs, products of mineral, bacterial and fungal origin are used as medicinal raw materials, from which medicinal substances are obtained using simple or complex processing.
      A drug (substance) is an individual chemical compound used as medicine.
      A medicinal product (medicine) is a drug that has one or more medicinal substances in its composition and is produced in a specific dosage form.
      A dosage form is a medicinal product that is given a form convenient for practical use in order to obtain the necessary preventive and therapeutic effect. Dosage forms by consistency are divided into solid with dense, soft, liquid and aerosols.
      For the unification of the naming of drugs, manufacturing, the establishment of uniform mandatory methods for determining the quality of effectiveness and activity, collections are compiled, which are called pharmacopoeias.Pharmacopoeia is legislative in nature.Its requirements are mandatory for all enterprises and institutions manufacturing or using medicines. In Russia, the State Pharmacopoeia is periodically reviewed and the next edition is prepared. This is currently the XIII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia.
      Medicines made according to pharmacopoeia prescriptions are called official, and according to the doctor's prescriptions - main.
      As the main, official name of medicinal substances use the international chemical nomenclature.
      For example, for salts, in the first place in the genitive case (родительном падеже) indicate the cation, and in the second in the nominative case (именительном падеже) - the anion (sodium sulfate).
      A pharmacy is an institution involved in the preparation, storage and dispensing of medicines (dosage forms) according to the written requirements (prescriptions, applications) of doctors.
      The pharmacy is placed in a dry, bright and airy room. Its working rooms should have adequate lighting and good ventilation, tiled floors, and walls and ceilings with white oil paint, strong hygienic furniture, as well as a sufficient number of cabinets, safes, refrigerators, appliances, tools, etc. necessary for work equipment. The exterior door and pharmacy windows are reinforced with metal bars.
      The following rooms are provided in a pharmacy: a reception room in which they take prescriptions (applications) and dispense drugs; a prescription room is used for the preparation of dosage forms; a storageroom, for storing a sufficient supply of medicines; a boiler roomfor producing distilled water, water

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for injection and the preparation of liquid dosage forms; and a washing room with drying cabinets.
      For qualified work in a pharmacy the presence of the following are required: a pharmacopeia, reference books, instructions and instructions on the use of new medicines, tables, advertisements and other information material.
      The income and expenditure of therapeutic and prophylactic agents in pharmacies are taken into account in books in the approved form. The accounting of toxic and potent substances is kept in special books or magazines, laced and numbered and stored in a safe.

RULES FOR STORAGE, ACCOUNTING AND DISPOSAL OF MEDICINES IN THE PHARMACY

      According to storage conditions, medicinal substances are divided into several groups:
      1.    Poisonous medicinal substances - Venena (list A,list 1);
      2.    Potent substances - Heroica (list B, list 2);
      3.          Other medicines that require special storage conditions: protection from light; to be stored in a cool place; flammable substances (store with caution from fire) and do not require special storage conditions.

      List A combines toxic and narcotic substances that must be stored separately in safes. These are atropine sulfate, aceclidine, galantamine, diplacin, ditilin, ketamine hydrochloride, morphine, oxazyl, omnopon, pilocarpine hydrochloride, proserin, promedol, silver nitrate, securin, physostigmine salicylate, etc.
      The inscriptions on the dishes in which the substances of list A are stored in the pharmacy should be white on a black background.On the inside of the safe door should be the inscription "List A" or "Poisonous" and a list of drugs indicating the highest single and daily doses.The safes in which substances of list A are stored must be locked and sealed.The key and seal must be kept by the person responsible for the storage - the chief veterinarian or the pharmacy manager.
      List B includes potent drugs from the group of chemotherapeutic agents, glucocorticoids, some anesthetics, which should be stored in a pharmacy with precaution separately from other drugs in cabinets that are locked.The inscriptions on the cabinets are "List B" or potent.On the dishes in which the medicinal substancesare stored, the inscriptions are required to be in red on a white background. All other substances in the pharmacy are stored without restrictions, subject to general rules. On bottles with such substances, the names are written on white labels in black ink.
      Substances listed in list A and B are released from the pharmacy only according to doctor’s prescriptions. Group A poisonous substances are released to

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medical institutions according to special requirements signed by the head of the institution and certified by a round stamp.
      Write off toxic substances based on recipes or acts on their use.
      The preparations are not suitable for use and are not subject to dispensing under the following conditions:
        •    expired;
        •          without labels or with labels, but without indicating the necessary information on them;
        •    re-frozen and thawed;
        •    changed external properties (precipitation, mechanical pollution);
        •    in cracked ampoules, leaking bottles.


RECIPES AND RULES FOR WRITING RECIPES


       Prescription (receptum - lat.) - a written request from a doctor to a pharmacist (in a pharmacy) about the manufacture and dispensing of a medicine with an indication of its use and dose.A prescription is an official document: it takes into account the consumption of medicines in a pharmacy, assesses the correctness of prescribing medicines to a patient. A doctor is personally responsible for an incorrectly written prescription.In this regard, they use the established form (see sample) and size (105x148mm) form, which is filled with ink or paste, in clear handwriting and without errors, corrections are not allowed.On one form you can write one recipe containing poisonous substances, or two with ordinary substances, separating one recipe from another with a special sign (pound) #.On the form containing poisonous substances and ethyl alcohol in the recipe, they put the stamp of the institution (except for the stamp).Narcotic substances are prescribed on special forms. Recipes with prescriptions of toxic and potent substances are valid for no more than 10 days after their issuance, and in other cases - for 2 months.
       Recipe structure. Recipes can be simple or complex, which are not written arbitrarily, but in a certain sequence and consist of the following parts.
       1.           The Title (Inscriptio) includes the stamp of the medical institution, information about the sick animal (type, gender, age, nickname, inventory number); recipe date, surname and initials of the doctor, and the owner of the animal.
       2.           A doctor's call to a pharmacist (Invocatio) is indicated by the word Recipe (take) in the prescription abbreviate Rp.:.
       3.           The list of medicinal substances (Designatio materiarum) that are part of the dosage form in complex recipes is written out in the following strict sequence:
       a)           the main active substance (basis), from the action of which the main therapeutic effect is expected;

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      b)          auxiliary (adjuvans), enhancing the action of the main substance, weakening its side properties or eliminating the complications that arise during the course and development of the underlying and concomitant diseases.
      c)          substances that correct the taste or eliminate the unpleasant odor of medicinal substances (corrigens). Their use ensures the voluntary administration of drugs by animals.
      d)          formative substances (constituens), giving the drug the necessary form. Some substances (sodium chloride, sugar, syrups, etc.) can simultaneously be used as taste-correcting and form-forming substances.
      In this section, the name of each drug substance is capitalized (names of anions, plant species and their parts with a lowercase letter) in Latin in the деп^е(родительномпадеже) and one below the other; the transferred word or part of it is written on a new line, stepping back two letters to the right.
      In a simple prescription, a ready-made dosage consisting of one medicinal substance is indicated.
      After the name of each component on the right, the quantities of medicinal substances (respectively, their state of aggregation) are indicated in grams as a decimal fraction (for powdered substances) with the designation of both the whole and fractional parts (for example, 3.0 and 1.5) without the name of the unit of measurement, since grams are also implied in milliliters (ml), but the possibility of implying this unit of measurement is not excluded.The number of drops is denoted by Roman numerals (X gtts). The activity of certain antibiotics and hormonal drugs is in ED, and vitamins in IE, ME.
      If several medicinal substances are prescribed in the same quantities in a row, the quantity is indicated after the last substance, and aa is written before it(ana - equally).In boluses, pills, cereals and suppositories, it is difficult to determine the number of excipients, therefore, the designation q.s. is used. (quantum satis - as needed).
      4.          Indication of the manufacture, dispensing of the medicine (Subscriptio) and signature (Signatura) can be indicated in the appropriate combinations:
      a)    in underdosed recipes -D.S. (Da - let go, Signa - signify);
      b)    in dosed - D.t.d. N .. (Da tales doses - let go of such doses by the
number ...) and S .;
      c)          in complex prescriptions, the designation M.f. (Misce fiat - mix and get, for example, powder). The dosage form is written with a lowercase letter and in the nominative case. After the designation q.s. instead of M.f. write ut f. pilula -to make a pill.
      5.          The signature section is filled out in the native language or in a language understood by the owner of the animal or the person who will treat the patient, and the information should be concise, comprehensive and stated, as a rule, in strict sequence:
      1)    route of administration;
      2)    dose;

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       3)    frequency of use;
       4)    course of treatment (if there is a need for this indication);
       5)    other instructions: before use, dilute, shake, warm to body
temperature; appoint before feeding or with food, water, etc.
       The words “internal”, “intramuscularly”, “intravenously”, “subcutaneously”, etc. are completely written in the signature. Words such as “internal,” “known,” etc. are prohibited.
       6)    The doctor’s signature must be legible and must be stamped.
       7)          The veterinarian is always obliged to know that the pharmacist must read the prescription quickly and accurately, understand what substances, in what dose and in what form to give out to the owner of the animal.
       8)          A prescription that does not meet at least one of the listed rules, written in an illiterate manner or containing instructions on the preparation of irrational medicinal compositions is not accepted by the pharmacist and the medicine is not prepared for him in the pharmacy. And on the prescription, the pharmacist puts the stamp —Prescription is invalid” and sends it to the organization where the veterinarian works.
       9)          If you need to re-receive the medicine from the pharmacy on the same prescription form in the upper right corner, without making a new prescription, you can mark Repetatur! - repeat.And vice versa, so that the medicine is not released again, you can write: Non repetatur! - do not repeat.If the patient's condition requires immediate dispensing of the medicine from the pharmacy, then the following designations are made with an exclamation mark: Cito! - fast, Statim! - immediately, Antidotum! - antidote.





RECIPE SCHEME

      Title (Inscriptio) Clinic "Cat and Dog" St. Sadovaya, d.15, veterinarian Ivanov N.P. Dog "Polkan" owner Petrova N.N.
      Appeal (Praepositio) - Rp .: (Recipe)
      List of substances (Dasignatio materiarum)
      Manufacture and Issue Note (Subscriptio) - M.f. or D.t.d No.
      Signature (Signatura) - D.S., M.D.S. or S.
      Doctor's Signature (Nomen medici).


SIMPLE RECIPE
      Piglet (50kg)
      Rp .: Tetracyclini 0.5
            D.t.d. Number 10
            S. Internal, 1 powder 2 times a day, 5 days


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COMPLEX RECIPE

Title                                  Inscriptio          
Drug List                              Dasignatiomateriarum
Rp.: Natriisalicylatis 12,0            Basis               
Natriihydrocarbonatis 6,0              Adjvans             
AquaeMenthae 40ml                      Corrigens           
Aquaedestillatae 360 ml                Constituens         
M.f. solutio                           Subscriptio         
D.S. Internal, 2 tablespoons 3 times a Signatura           
day                                                        
М.П. Doctor's signature                Nomenmedici         

IRRATIONAL FORMULATIONS AND INCOMPATIBILITIES
OF DRUGS

      Irrational prescriptions include dosage forms (solutions, infusions, decoctions, etc.), prescribed in large volumes.In this case, it is rational to prescribe the required amount of a medicinal substance (for example, saline laxatives, disinfectants, crushed parts of plants), and in the signature give appropriate instructions on the preparation of the dosage form before use.
      In the preparation of a complex prescription, the possible pharmaceutical and pharmacological incompatibility of drugs should be excluded.
      Pharmaceutical incompatibility occurs during the chemical interaction of components, i.e. in the manufacture of dosage forms (acids + alkalis, analgin + acetylsalicylic acid, anesthesin + chloral hydrate, etc.), in which physicochemical changes of the drug occur: precipitation, color change, consistency, etc.All this leads to a loss of pharmacological activity of the ingredients. The drugs become unusable.
      Pharmacological incompatibility of drugs already occurs in the body itself and is associated with biotransformation of drugs.It manifests itself with the simultaneous administration of drugs that act on certain systems of the body antagonistically (a combination of substances that inhibit and excite the central nervous system, the muscle relaxant effect of diplacin is eliminated by proserin).



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HANDLING SAFETY WITH MEDICINES


      Bottles, packages with medicinal substances must have labels of the corresponding color indicating the name of the substance, date of issue and receipt.There should not be any foreign objects on the drugstore tables. In the process of preparing the medicine, one cannot taste the substances, and they should be sniffed with great care.Carefully dilute the acids by adding them in small portions to water. Flasks in which the liquid is heated must be kept with the hole to the side.Do not heat flat-bottomed flasks directly on fire. For personal safety, it is necessary to know explosive and flammable substances and their mixtures.It is forbidden to smoke, light matches, and/or turn on electrical appliances in places where flammable liquids, solids and gaseous substances are present. Concentrated alkalis and acids should only be poured into specially designated glass jars placed under a draft.

      Key questions on the material

      1.    The concept of a medicinal substance and dosage form.
      2.    The device of a veterinary pharmacy, its documentation and
equipment.
      3.    The main content of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian
Federation.
      4.    Rules for storage of medicinal substances.
      5.    What is a recipe?
      6.    The main components of a recipe.
      7.          Irrational prescriptions and the main types of incompatibility of medicinal substances.



DOCTORAL RECIPE
TOPIC 2 SOLID MEDICINAL FORMS


      Solid dosage forms include powders, tablets, dragees, granules, briquettes, premixes and fees.

      Key questions on the topic

      1.    Definitions of dosage forms, their Latin names and formative
substances;
      2.    Advantages and disadvantages of the studied dosage forms, their
distinctive features and requirements for them;
      3.    Prescribing, dispensing and administering drugs.


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            POWDERS



             Pulvis (N. case)
             Pulveris (G. case)


      A powder is a solid dosage form obtained by grinding medicinal substances and dried raw materials of any origin.
      Powders are convenient, portable and relatively stable during storage; they are the initial form for the preparation of all other dosage forms; in powders, many combinations of substances are possible.However, an arbitrary act of inhalation and exhalation by animals of air does not allow us to appoint powders. With this in mind, medicinal substances providing voluntary administration are prescribed with food or water; in other situations (refusal of food, liquid or medicinal substances of unpleasant taste, smell, irritating effect), powders are prescribed in dosage forms (solutions, suspensions, medicines, boluses, etc.), designed for forced use.
      The composition distinguishes simple powders, consisting of one component, and complex, representing a mixture of several ingredients; according to the method of administration, they are divided into powders for external use (non-dosed) and powders for internal use (non-dosed and dosed); according to the degree of how fine they are, the powders are released large, medium, small and smallest.In recipes, the degree of finest is indicated only for the smallest powder (pulvis subtilissimus), which is prescribed externally. For powders used internally, the degree of finest is not indicated in the formulations, it is implied: fine powders are prescribed with food, and large (well soluble) in the form of solutions.
      Powders for external use are prescribed and dispensed with a total mass, not dividing into separate doses.They are prescribed in the form of the smallestpowders (aspersio, aspersionis) for application to mucous membranes, inflamed wet skin surface and wound surfaces.A variety of fine powders are dusts.When applied topically, such powders do not cause mechanical irritation, their pharmacological action is realized more quickly and more fully, they have an adsorbing, drying and protective effect.If necessary, talc and white clay are used as fillers, providing additional adsorbing and drying action.

      Powder for a wound from streptocideComplex powder from dermatol and

talc:


Rp.: Streptocidisubtilissimi 50,0
     D.S. Topically, on the wound

Rp.: Dermatoli

Rp.: AspersionisStreptocidi 50,0
     D.S.Topically, on the wound

Talci M.f.pulvis (aspersio)

-аа25,0
 subtilissimus

D.S. Topically, on the wound

#

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